Turn Your Raspberry Pi into a Twitterbot

Ok. So this was a post I had decided I was not going to write. The reason for this is I did not want to help people create something negative, such as a spam generator.

Then I had a quick look at the Wikipedia page about Twitterbots. I realised there are some really fantastic ideas out there for Twitterbots, which can have a positive impact.

So I decided to go ahead and write the blog post, and to trust people to use it the right way. :-)

Besides, one of the the Twitterbots I have written is testing the Infinite Monkey Theorem to simulate a monkey trying to type the complete works of Shakespeare. The monkey automatically tweets his progress (@TheMonkeyBard).

So who am I to judge? :-)

In this blog post I am going to show you how I wrote another Twitterbot, which sends out a tweet, from a list of pre-written tweets, at a certain time. For me I use it to automatically post my blogs to twitter at certain times of the day. To disguise the fact I am doing this, I have added a slight element of randomness in there, so it doesn't look too much like a Twitterbot. More on that later.

To start with here is the code in its entirety. Have a read through it and see if it makes sense to you, we will then run through this line by line.

from __future__ import print_function #Allows python3 use of print()
import random
import string
import tweepy
import os

FILEPATH = '/home/pi/Desktop/TwitterBot' 

# Consumer keys and access tokens, used for OAuth 
consumer_key =  'YourConsumerKey' 
consumer_secret = 'YourConsumerSecret'
access_token = 'YourAccessToken' 
access_token_secret =  'YourAccessTokenSecret'

# OAuth process, using the keys and tokens
auth = tweepy.OAuthHandler(consumer_key, consumer_secret)
auth.set_access_token(access_token, access_token_secret)

# Creation of the actual interface, using authentication
api = tweepy.API(auth)


## This function sends the tweets. It will check the length of them first of all.      
def sendTweet(tweetText):
    randomNumber = random.randrange(4) #number 0 - (randrange-1) use 4
    #print (randomNumber) #Use for debugging
    if randomNumber == 0:
        api.update_status(status=tweetText) 
        #print (tweetText) #Use for debugging
        return None
    else:
        return None 
        
## This function will print one of the random Tweets
def randomTweet():
    try:
        tweetFile = open(os.path.join(FILEPATH,'Tweets.txt'),'r')
        tweetList = tweetFile.readlines()
        tweetFile.close()
        randomChoice = random.randrange(len(tweetList))
        #print (tweetList[randomChoice]) #For debugging only
        sendTweet(tweetList[randomChoice])
        return None
    except IOError:
        return None        
 
randomTweet()

Now in order to get started with this you will need to do two things.

1. Install Tweepy.
2. Create an app on Twitter

I am not going to explain either of these processes, as I learned how to do this from another blog by the wonderful Raspi.tv. They have done a far better job than I could ever do on this, so please go and read this blog on setting up Tweepy, and then come back to me. :-)

The link you need to follow is here:

http://raspi.tv/2013/how-to-create-a-twitter-app-on-the-raspberry-pi-with-python-tweepy-part-1#app

Right, you are back? Good!

So the first lines of code call in some libraries including Tweepy, which should now be installed on your Raspberry Pi.

from __future__ import print_function #Allows python3 use of print()
import random
import string
import tweepy
import os

The first line allows us to use the Python 3 version of print, which is something I am trying to do a little more these days. The next 4 lines all call libraries we need to use.

The next line caused me the most problems. When you run your program using cron (more on this later), your program needs to know exactly where to go looking for any files you call. Normally I would be in the current directory when I run this program, so this line would not matter. When you run your program using cron it is starting from a different directory, so this line is necessary.

If you don't know what cron is don't worry, it's not difficult. I will explain all later.

FILEPATH = '/home/pi/Desktop/TwitterBot' 

The path to my directory is /home/pi/Desktop/TwitterBot, but you will have to modify this line to suit your requirements.

So how do you find out the location of your program? Well, you can navigate to it in the command line, and then type:

pwd

This will return the directory of where your files are. In my case I store them on the desktop in a folder called TwitterBot. We will use this information later in our program.

So you read the blog post by Raspi.tv? You should therefore have been able to set up an app in twitter, and be able to fill out the information required in these lines of code.

# Consumer keys and access tokens, used for OAuth 
consumer_key =  'YourConsumerKey' 
consumer_secret = 'YourConsumerSecret'
access_token = 'YourAccessToken' 
access_token_secret =  'YourAccessTokenSecret'

# OAuth process, using the keys and tokens
auth = tweepy.OAuthHandler(consumer_key, consumer_secret)
auth.set_access_token(access_token, access_token_secret)

# Creation of the actual interface, using authentication
api = tweepy.API(auth)

Ensure you replace the text in the first 4 lines with your consumer key, consumer secret, access token and access token secret. For your reference, if you just want a reminder of where to find all the information, you need to go to the twitter apps website.

https://apps.twitter.com/

That's all the difficult twitter stuff out of the way. There are just two functions we need to write. One chooses a random tweet, and one tweets it.

Let us look at the function which sends the tweets.

## This function sends the tweets. It will check the length of them first of all.      
def sendTweet(tweetText):
    randomNumber = random.randrange(4) #number 0 - (randrange-1) use 4
    #print (randomNumber) #Use for debugging
    if randomNumber == 0:
        api.update_status(status=tweetText) 
        #print (tweetText) #Use for debugging
        return None
    else:
        return None 

The first line

def sendTweet(tweetText):

creates the function, but also expects some text, stored in a variable called tweetText, to be passed into it. It is the text in tweetText that we will be tweeting.

So this function does two things. It sends the tweet, which is what you would expect, but not every time... I have added an element of randomness into this so it only tweets once in every four attempts. Why did I do this? Well I wanted to post tweets at four times during the day - Midnight, 6am, lunchtime and 6pm, using GMT.  But I don't want to send a tweet every time. I think one tweet a day, on average, is enough to advertise my blog post. So if I use cron to potentially post four times a day, but reduce the chance of posting to one time in four, on average I will post once a day, but at one of the four pre-determined times. Hope that makes sense!

I did this to make it look a little less like a Twitterbot, which would normally post the same time every day. It just mixes it up a little and means there is a chance for a reader from other time zones to see one of my posts.

So that's what the first line does, it picks a random number from 0 to 3, and stores it in the variable randomNumber. You can increase or decrease the frequency by playing around with the number in random.randrange().

    randomNumber = random.randrange(4)

I then use an if statement to check if that number is == 0, which in our program will be once in every four attempts on average.

    if randomNumber == 0:

If it is we then send a tweet made up of the text we passed to our function, which is stored in tweetText. This makes use of the Twitter API to send the tweet.

        api.update_status(status=tweetText) 

We then return from the function.

        return None

If randomNumber is not equal to zero, the program will just return without doing anything.

    else:
        return None

All very simple so far.

The second function we need to write is randomTweet(). This chooses one of the random tweets to send to the sendTweet() function. The tweets it will be choosing from are stored in a text file called Tweets.txt.

## This function will print one of the random Tweets
def randomTweet():
    try:
        tweetFile = open(os.path.join(FILEPATH,'Tweets.txt'),'r')
        tweetList = tweetFile.readlines()
        tweetFile.close()
        randomChoice = random.randrange(len(tweetList))
        #print (tweetList[randomChoice]) #For debugging only
        sendTweet(tweetList[randomChoice])
        return None
    except IOError:
        return None  

We start off by naming the function. As you will see from the empty brackets this function is not expecting anything to be passed into it.

def randomTweet():

We are going to use Try and Except in this function. I do this in case there is an error loading up the file as I don't want the program to crash if it cannot find the file it is trying to open.

    try:
        tweetFile = open(os.path.join(FILEPATH,'Tweets.txt'),'r')
        tweetList = tweetFile.readlines()
        tweetFile.close()

So we Try the following.

We open the file Tweets.txt and store the contents in the variable tweetFile. But as I mentioned earlier when we come to run cron, we need to give the full path to this file. So we use this command

(os.path.join(FILEPATH,'Tweets.txt')

to join Tweets.txt onto the filepath stored in FILEPATH. The reason I have stored the filepath in FILEPATH, is if I want to change it in the future, I only have to modify it in one place. That place is at the top of the program, so easy to find!

We then store the contents of tweetFile into tweetList using readlines. This separates the text into a list which stores each line as a different item in the list.

     tweetList = tweetFile.readlines()

Finally we close the open text file.

     tweetFile.close()

We then analyse the length of our list, and pick a random number from 0 to the length of the list. The result is stored in randomChoice.

        randomChoice = random.randrange(len(tweetList))

And then we send the item which is in that random location in the list to the function we wrote earlier called sendTweet.

        sendTweet(tweetList[randomChoice])

Then we return None

        return None

Finally if there was an error in our try part of the function we catch it and just return from the function doing nothing.

    except IOError:
        return None  

Ok so far so good? Anything missing?

Well if we don't call a function in our program then nothing will run. So we just call the function randomTweet() to kick things off the ground.

randomTweet()

And that is that, the programming is complete.  There really is nothing tricky in all of this.

But if you want this program to tweet we are not quite finished. There are two things remaining. You need to create a text file called Tweets.txt and store this in the same folder as your program. This text file should have each tweet you want to send on a different line in the text file, as shown below.

Tweet 1
Tweet 2
Tweet 3
Tweet 4
Tweet 5

Finally while we have our python program completed, and our Tweets.txt file created, we need some method of telling our Raspberry Pi to run it when we want it to be run.

This is where the wonderful tool called cron comes into its own.

In the past I have written a blog post explaining how cron works. Definitely worth a read. But if you just want to get on and get your Twitterbot underway then I will explain what you need to do.

I said earlier that I would like my Twitterbot to (potentially) tweet 4 times a day. I say potentially as there is randomness in the the code to ensure it only tweets one in four times. To tell the Raspberry Pi to try to tweet at four times in the day I will have to add four lines of code to my crontab file.

On your Raspberry Pi you need to open a terminal window and type

Crontab -e

This will open up the file you need to modify, probably using a text editor called nano.

You will need to enter the following text at the bottom of this:

00 00 * * * /usr/bin/python /home/pi/Desktop/TwitterBot/TwitterBot.py 
00 06 * * * /usr/bin/python /home/pi/Desktop/TwitterBot/TwitterBot.py 
00 12 * * * /usr/bin/python /home/pi/Desktop/TwitterBot/TwitterBot.py 
00 18 * * * /usr/bin/python /home/pi/Desktop/TwitterBot/TwitterBot.py

A brief explanation of each of these lines is as follows:

• For each of the lines the first 00 refers to the minutes past the hour we want our program to run. 
• 00,06,12,18 refer to the hour, (24 hour format) at which we want the program to run. 
• * * * refer to day of Month, Month and Day of week respectively. We want to ignore all these, so use a * for each.  
• The /usr/bin/python explains you want to launch your program with python. 
• /home/pi/Desktop/TwitterBot/TwitterBot.py gives the full path to the program you want to run. 

Press ctrl-x and follow the instructions to save and exit.

And that is that. You have a fully functioning Twitterbot which will try to tweet 4 times a day, but on average will only manage it once :-)

I hope this has given you the basics of turning your Raspberry Pi into a Twitterbot. Let me know what Twitterbots you create!

Turn your Raspberry Pi into an Audiophile Music Player

So my younger brother came to stay recently and asked me to give him a hand to do something with his Raspberry Pi. Always eager to help out with all things Raspberry Pi related, I had a look into what he wanted to do.

He told me he wanted to set up Volumio. I have to admit I had never heard of Volumio, but by the time we were finished setting it up, I was sold! It is very cool! What's more it was so easy to set up! Almost too easy to warrant a blog post...

However - where is the fun in that?

So what is Volumio? Well Volumio calls itself a Linux Audiophile Music Player. Basically it turns your Raspberry Pi, or many other devices, into a Music Player. You can simply add a USB stick with your music on it, and Volumio will play it. The great thing is you control the music remotely, so don't need anything other than a speaker/headphones connected to your Raspberry Pi.

So first of all you will need to download Volumio. Go to their website, and click on Download.

https://volumio.org/project/

Once the download is completed you need to flash it onto a suitable SD Card. I am assuming that you already know how to do this, but if not, there are instructions on the Volumio web site on how to do this using either Linux, MacOSX or Windows. It's the same method as you would load any Linux distribution onto a SD Card.

For the purposes of trying this out, I am using a 4GB card. However Volumio is fairly small so has no problem fitting on a card that size.

Once that is done put the newly created SD card into your Raspberry Pi and fire it up! At this point you will need to have your Raspberry Pi connected to your router via an ethernet cable. We will sort out going wireless later.

Open an internet browser on your computer, and go to the following link:

http://volumio.local/

Your screen should look something like this. 

How easy was that? 

However there is no point having an Audiophile Music Player without any music to play.

The next thing you need to do is to put some music onto a USB stick, and insert this into your Raspberry Pi. You might notice the bottom left of the screen indicates it is Updating. This takes a few minutes depending on how many songs you have on the USB stick.

Once completed this will resort back to saying Browse.

Plug your Headphones / Speaker into the Headphone Port of your Raspberry Pi. On older Raspberry Pi's this is the blue port, or on a Raspberry Pi 2 the port next to the HDMI port.

Now click on Browse and then on USB, and then follow your filing system on your USB stick until you find the song you want to play and double click on it.

Here I chose the Cantina Band from the Star Wars album. A message will appear saying you have added it to the playlist. It should start playing immediately.

Selecting other songs will add them to the play list also. Click on Playlist at the bottom to view the Playlist you have created.



The Playback menu allows you to see what is playing and change the volume etc.



It really is so simple and intuitive to use!

Want to listen to internet radio? Instead of clicking on USB, you can click on Web Radio. There are a number of pre-defined radio stations.




Earlier I mentioned that you can set this up so it works over WiFi. I use an Edimax EW-7811UN Dongle, but I have also tested this with a Wi-Pi dongle and they both work equally well. You can pick these up cheaply on the internet.

To set this up click on Menu and then Network.

Type in your Network Name, for me this is Spongebob (Don't judge me - ok?), the type of security you have, along with your password.

Finally click on Save Changes. They may take a few minutes to save. However once finished you should see your Edimax Blue LED Light up.

You can now remove your network cable, and be connected wirelessly.

And there you have it, your Raspberry Pi is a fully functioning Jukebox!

Take Volumio a step further and download an app, so you can control your music selections using your phone or tablet. Enjoy!